By Mohamed H’MIDOUCHE*, Executive Vice President of the Morocco-Bulgaria Chamber of Commerce & Industry.
The electricity sector in Morocco showcases a dynamic mix of public and private entities engaged in various activities such as production, transmission, and distribution to cater to the nation’s electricity demands. By the end of 2022, the country boasted a production capacity of 10,830 MW, with key players including the National Office of Electricity and Drinking Water (ONEE), the Moroccan Agency for Sustainable Energy (MASEN), Independent Power Producers (IPPs), and self-producers. Transmission infrastructure, including interconnections with neighboring countries, plays a vital role in ensuring efficient and reliable electricity supply across different regions. Significant investments have been made in the transmission network, reflecting Morocco’s commitment to meet the increasing energy demand spurred by rural electrification and economic growth.
Morocco’s energy strategy, initiated in 2009, focuses on a diversified and optimized energy mix, emphasizing renewable energy sources, energy efficiency, and sustainable development. The successful implementation of the strategy’s first phase has paved the way for a historical transition towards increasing the share of renewables in the electricity mix to over 52% by 2030. In line with this trajectory, Morocco unveiled a New Development Model (NDM) in 2021, aiming to accelerate the energy transition process and enhance economic competitiveness and sustainability.
Solar and wind energy have emerged as a significant component of Morocco’s renewable energy landscape, positioning the country as a leader in the Middle East and North Africa region. Lessons from Morocco’s power sector institutional arrangements underscore the importance of selective and incremental reforms, tailored to the country’s context, to navigate legacy challenges and stakeholders’ interests effectively. Furthermore, Morocco’s ability to pursue socio-economic objectives within the power sector is facilitated by its strong economic growth and a sizable consumer base.
The involvement in regional energy initiatives, such as the Morocco-Nigeria Gas Pipeline and the Morocco-UK Power Project, showcases Morocco’s dedication to bolstering regional economic collaboration and maximizing its geographical strengths. Moreover, recent endeavors like allocating 1 million hectares to green hydrogen projects underscore Morocco’s proactive role in advancing global energy transition endeavors.
Morocco enjoys strong partnerships with major financial institutions and international stakeholders, facilitating access to financing and investments crucial for advancing its energy strategy. Furthermore, the country seeks to strengthen bilateral cooperation, as evidenced by recent engagements with Bulgaria, particularly in priority areas such as energy cooperation and regional integration.
Further, Morocco continues actively to develop its relations in the energy field with the European Union along common priorities. In this relation, the EU-Morocco partnership focuses on common challenges such as economic development, innovation, climate change, security, good governance etc.
As Morocco continues its journey towards a sustainable energy future, characterized by renewable energy expansion, regional cooperation, and international partnerships, it stands as a beacon of progress and innovation in the global energy landscape.
Major characteristics of Morocco’s Energy Sector
The electricity sector in Morocco is characterized by a diversity of actors, both public and private, operating in various activities (production, transmission, and distribution) to meet the electricity needs of customers.
A. Production
National electricity production is ensured by a production capacity of 10,830 MW by the end of 2022. The main producers are:
• National Office of Electricity and Drinking Water (ONEE): ONEE has been the main player in the electricity sector since 1963. It is a public entity of a commercial and industrial nature, under the administrative and technical supervision of the Ministry of Energy Transition and Sustainable Development.
• Moroccan Agency for Sustainable Energy – MASEN: MASEN is a limited company with a board of directors and a supervisory board, named “Moroccan Agency For Sustainable Energy”, established under law 57-09 in 2010, and under the administrative and technical supervision of the Ministry of Energy Transition and Sustainable Development. MASEN’s main objective is to carry out, under an agreement with the State, a program to develop electricity production projects from renewable energy sources based on multi-year planning of electricity production capacities.
• Independent Power Producers (IPPs): Private companies have been authorized since 1994 to produce electrical energy, exclusively for ONEE’s needs. They are connected to ONEE and MASEN through long- term guaranteed electricity purchase contracts of the “Power Purchase Agreement” (PPA) type.
Currently, the concessionaire electricity producers are: • Jorf Lasfar Energy Company JLEC (2080 MW);
• Théolia (CED) (54MW);
• Electric Power Company of Tahaddart EET (384 MW); • Tarfaya Energy Company (300 MW); and
• SAFI Energy Company (SAFIEC) (1386 MW).
Electricity produced by IPPs and MASEN is acquired in full by ONEE under the conditions and according to the modalities set forth in contractual agreements.
Under Article 2 of Dahir No. 1-63-226 of 1963 establishing the National Electricity Office as amended and supplemented, self-producers can produce electrical energy, in one of the following cases, mainly for their own use, and the surplus is sold exclusively to ONEE:
• The production capacity to be installed by the producer does not exceed 50 MW;
• The production capacity is greater than 300 MW, with the right of access to the national electricity grid to transport electrical energy from the production site(s) to the consumer site(s) of the producer.
A draft law on electrical self-production was approved by Parliament on February 7, 2023. This draft law aims to organize the activity of electrical self-production.
B. Electricity Transmission
Electric transmission, including electrical interconnections with neighboring countries, is considered one of the vital and important strategic activities of the electrical system aiming to ensure the supply of different regions of the Kingdom with electricity under the best conditions of safety, efficiency, and quality.
The total length of electrical transmission lines reached 28,352 km by the end of 2021, and the number of electrical transformers is 543 with a total capacity of 27,377 MVA. This network has also seen significant investments since the launch of the national energy strategy in 2009, amounting to 14.4 billion dirhams until the end of 2022. The national demand for electrical energy has increased on average by 4.12% per year between 2009 and 2022 due to the almost universal rural electrification and the dynamism of the economy, especially the policy of major projects in infrastructure, industry, agriculture, tourism, social housing, etc.
To meet this growing energy demand, an energy strategy was adopted in 2009, under the High Directions of His Majesty King Mohammed VI, which is based on the following orientations:
• A diversified and optimized mix around reliable and competitive technological choices,
• Mobilization of national resources through the increase in renewable energies,
• Energy efficiency erected as a national priority, • Reinforcement of regional integration,
• Sustainable development.
This strategy has been translated into a roadmap, which is reflected in clear and precise plans, programs, and projects. The first phase of the national energy strategy was successfully implemented and restored the balance between electricity supply and demand, and established the legislative, institutional, and regulatory reforms necessary to support the programs and projects launched as part of the national energy strategy. Thus, the national energy strategy has experienced a historical turning point aiming at increasing the share of renewable energies in installed electrical capacity to more than 52% by 2030.
Subsequently, Morocco adopted a New Development Model (NDM) in 2021 with the aim of accelerating its energy transition process and enabling it to best meet its needs in terms of economic competitiveness and sustainability. This NDM provides for:
• Decentralized electricity production;
• Strong, independent, and transparent regulation;
• Separation of roles of actors (Production, Transport, Distribution); • Responsible liberalization of the sector;
• Generalization of access to energy at competitive prices.
To support these energy projects, evacuate the energy produced, and ensure its transport under the best conditions of safety and efficiency, the electric transmission network has been developed, strengthened, and extended with the completion of 769 km of high and very high voltage electrical lines during the year 2021.
C. Wind energy development in Morocco:
Evolution and impact
Over the past ten years, Morocco has been focusing on developing renewable energy, especially wind power. This new energy policy has enabled it to become, in 2017, the leading country in the Middle East and North Africa region and the second one in Africa in terms of installed wind power capacity. In 2019, Morocco moved for the first time from the status of electricity importer to that of electricity exporter, better yet green electricity.
Dedication of 1 million hectares to green hydrogen projects
On March 11, 2024, Morocco announced a major initiative to dedicate 1 million hectares to green hydrogen projects, following the directives of King Mohammed VI. The plan, known as the “Morocco Offer,” will initially allocate 300,000 hectares to attract investors interested in producing green hydrogen through electrolysis powered by renewable energy sources. This move is part of Morocco’s strategy to play a significant role in global energy transition efforts.
The initiative covers various aspects including electricity generation from renewables, electrolysis, and the conversion of green hydrogen into other products like ammonia and methanol. The government aims to provide both domestic and export opportunities for investors and offers incentives to facilitate investment.
The plan also emphasizes the importance of infrastructure development, transparent governance, and regular assessment of project progress. With nearly 100 investors showing interest, Morocco seeks to leverage its natural resources and geographic location to accelerate its energy transition, aiming to increase renewables in its electricity mix to 52% by 2030 from 37.6% now, made up of 20% solar, 20% wind and 12% hydro.
Lessons from Morocco’s Power Sector Institutional Arrangements
There are at least three lessons for developing countries from Morocco’s experience:
• First, Morocco pursued reforms in a selective and incremental manner in an environment where legacy entities can obstruct sudden and far-reaching reforms. For instance, policy makers were selective in their approach to privatizing electricity distribution, through concessions to AMENDIS, LYDEC and REDAL, that reinforced existing territorial monopolies, rather than full or partial divestiture of municipal utilities. In the development of renewable energy, grid access was slowly granted to renewable energy producers. This gradualism minimized disrupting the influence and market share of stakeholders like ONEE, certain ministries and the distribution companies.
Second, institutional arrangements in Morocco are different from those prescribed by the 1990s power sector reform model, but nonetheless perform the necessary functions in practice. In expanding electricity access for instance, ONEE played a coordination role for domestic and international stakeholders. This aligns with findings of the World Development Report 2017 on Governance and the Law and broader research that the functions that institutions perform matter more than the form they take. Thus, Morocco’s power sector institutional arrangements performed the necessary commitment, coordination and cooperation functions to achieve objectives of attracting private investments to boost installed generation capacity and output.
Third, Morocco was able to pursue socio-economic objectives in the power sector due to its strong and growing economy. There are cross-subsidies between electricity and water services at the municipal level, between urban and rural customers, and between different urban customer groups. This has been possible due to the country’s strong economic growth averaging 4.2 percent over the past two decades, and a relatively large population of electricity consumers with the ability to pay.
Despite a strong economic base, these socio-economic considerations have taken their toll on the financial health of ONEE, which has nonetheless proved capable of balancing these conflicting considerations.
As efforts accelerate to provide electricity to the over 800 million people lacking electricity access around the world, and predominantly in Africa, it is essential to define the priority policy objectives and structure sector reforms around those. The institutional pathways to achieving these objectives will vary by country context but can be guided by the general principles of effective governance in terms of efficiency, sustainability and equity in the power sector.
Morocco’s Major financial development partners
Morocco enjoys excellent reputation with major bilateral, regional and multilateral financial institutions such as:
• the African Development Bank, the European Union through its two arms European Investment Bank & EBRD), Members of the Arab Coordination Group (IsDB, AFESD, Saudi Arabia, Koweit, UAE, OPEC Fund etc.) and
• the IMF, the World Bank Group, (IBRD & IFC) etc.
Concrete financial partnership with countries like USA, France, UK, Japan, China, India, Spain etc. is also in place.
Morocco is considered by its development partners as a ‘’Bankable’’ country who has never defaulted in meeting his financial obligations and in reimbursing its external debt despite the various global financial crisis of 2008-2009, the Covid pandemic and the ongoing conflicts in Ukraine and Gaza.
This positive country’s profile in terms of its rating, its robust financial position, the remittances of its diaspora, its qualitative infrastructures and qualified professional force labor constitute major positive economic indicators which will ease attracting more foreign direct investments in support of the country’s domestic, regional and international energy strategy by 2030 and beyond.
Enhanced Regional Economic Integration with West Africa: The example of the Morocco-Nigeria Gaz Pipeline
The Nigeria-Morocco Gas Pipeline project, which stems from the far- sighted vision of King Mohammed VI and Nigerian President Muhammadu Buhari, will run along the West African coast from Nigeria, through Benin, Togo, Ghana, Côte d’Ivoire, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Gambia, Senegal and Mauritania up to Morocco.The project will open a new energy-supply route for West Africa and Europe at a time European nations are increasingly hungry for new sources of gas following the Russian-Ukraine war. It is worth noting that Nigeria possesses Africa’s largest proven gas reserves at about 200 trillion cubic feet, most of which is untapped, flared or reinjected into oil wells.
The 5,600 kilometers conduit along West Africa’s coast would provide gas to the 15 West African countries members of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and will permit the shipment of fuel o Spain and the rest of Europe through Morocco. The Islamic Development Bank (IsDB) and the OPEC Fund for International Development (OFID) committed nearly $60 million to finance the feasibility and the engineering studies for what would be one of the longest pipelines ever built.The project is currently in the phase of detailed engineering study (FEED) and will contribute to the emergence of an integrated North-West African zone, accelerate access to energy in West Africa and also accelerate electrification projects for the benefit of populations.
The Morocco-Nigeria gas pipeline also aims to create a competitive regional electricity market, the exploitation of clean energy, the contribution to the industrial and economic development of all countries through the development of several sectors such as agriculture, industry, mining, the reduction of flaring, as well as the export of gas in Europe.
This mega-project, which crosses 13 countries on the Atlantic coast and will include 3 landlocked countries, will have a direct positive impact on more than 340 million people. The project is intended to connect with the 678-kilometer pipeline owned and operated by the West African Gas Pipeline Limited Company (WAPco), which facilitates the transportation of natural gas from Itoki, Nigeria, to Takoradi, Ghana, passing through Benin and Togo.
Export of Renewable energy from Morocco to Great Britain
Morocco and the British firm Xlinks agreed to build the world’s longest high-voltage undersea cable to carry renewable energy from Morocco to the UK. This project has been designated as a project of “national significance” by the British authorities.
The implementation of this innovative and strategic project of 11.5 gigawatt solar/wind project in Morocco will require 3,800km of subsea cables to supply solar and wind power from the Sahara to seven million British homes by 2030. The project will generate the electricity while four subsea HVDC cables will link it to the UK power grid in Devon, south-west England. A British renewable-power company is on track to order a super large cable-lay vessel for installation of one of the world’s longest subsea power cable projects.
The Xlinks Morocco-UK Power Project will be among longest power transmission links in the world, thanks to a circuitous route that hugs the coastlines of Portugal, Spain and France. The project requires four parallel HVDC cables to carry about 3.6 GW of power capacity in two 1.8 GW links. With a route length of 2,500 miles, the total length of wire comes to about 10,000 miles.
The power will come from an 11.5 GW solar/wind project in Morocco, buffered by a 22 GWh battery storage bank. The concept is to provide dispatchable power for up to eight percent of the UK’s electricity demand, filling in gaps in Britain’s local wind and solar generation. The big selling point is that as expensive as it will be – $25 billion all-in – it will still be far cheaper than a new nuclear power plant of equivalent capacity.
A sister company, XLCC, is building a cable manufacturing plant in Scotland to create the massive quantities of HVDC cable required for the project. The same firm is planning to order a cable-layer with the capacity to install it. It will be one of the largest vessels of its kind, and will be able to deploy two cables at a time as a bundled pair. In addition to deploying it for XLinks, XLCC plans to charter the vessel out to other developers on the global market. XLinks’ backers (Abu Dhabi’s National Energy Company, French oil major TotalEnergies and UK-based utility Octopus Energy) are planning to complete the project by 2030-31.
EU-Morocco Partnership in the Energy Sector Background
The EU-Morocco partnership focuses on common challenges such as economic development, innovation, climate change, justice, security, mobility, migration and good governance. On 9 February 2021, a new Agenda for the Mediterranean was adopted by the European Commission and later endorsed by the European Council to relaunch and reinforce the EU’s partnership with the region. It is accompanied by an Economic and Investment Plan, expected to mobilize up to €8.4 billion in investments in Morocco by 2027. This includes €1.68 billion in grants from the EU budget.
The EU has been supporting Morocco’s investments under the Neighbourhood Investment Platform, and more recently under the European Fund for Sustainable Development (EFSD). In particular, it has contributed to funding key infrastructures in the energy, water, and transport sectors, in cooperation with European Financial Institutions (EIB, EBRD, AFD, KfW such as the Ouarzarzate and Midelt energy farms, the urban railways in Rabat and Casablanca and the wind energy programmes in Midelt and Essaouira.
In October 2022, the European Union and the Kingdom of Morocco have consolidated their cooperation on protecting the environment, conserving biodiversity, and fighting climate change with the launch of the EU-Morocco Green Partnership, the first Green Partnership the EU signs with a partner country to advance the external dimension of the European Green Deal and one of the Flagships of the European Investment Plan for the Southern Neighbours.
On March 2, 2023, in an official visit in the Moroccan capital Rabat, Neighbourhood and Enlargement Commissioner Olivér Várhelyi announced new cooperation programmes worth €624 million in total to support Morocco’s transition to green energy, enhance cooperation on addressing irregular migration management and support Morocco’s ambitious reform plans in key areas such as social protection, climate policy, reform of the public administration and the judiciary systems.
The new assistance package comprises the following two programs:
• Supporting the green transition – the programme “Terre Verte”, worth €115 million, aims at supporting Morocco’s agriculture and forestry strategies as well as improving decent employment, ‘green’ entrepreneurship, and the social security coverage of workers; and
• A €50 million programme called “Energie verte”, aims at boosting Morocco’s greening of its economy and energy sector, in line with commitments under the EU-Morocco Green Partnership.
Green Partnership
On Tuesday, October 18, 2022, the European Union and Morocco signed in Rabat a “green partnership”, marking the first of its kind, aimed at enhancing energy cooperation and combatting climate change. The agreement, signed by European Commission Vice-President Frans Timmermans and Moroccan Foreign Minister Nasser Bourita, highlights Morocco’s unique position as the first country to enter such a partnership with the EU. Timmermans emphasized the significance of this partnership for sustainable growth, stressing the interconnected destinies of Africa and Europe. Bourita underscored the importance of reliability in energy matters, referencing recent energy crises.
The Green Partnership between the EU and Morocco focus particularly on climate change mitigation, energy transition, environmental protection, and the promotion of the green and blue economy. This partnership prioritizes climate action, energy transition, and environmental protection within EU- Morocco relations. It facilitates progress towards mutual goals of achieving low-carbon economies, promoting investment in green technology, renewable energy, sustainable mobility, and clean production. The partnership aims to strengthen cooperation, foster sustainable development, and promote triangular and South-South cooperation on climate and environment. It emphasizes early policy consultation and exchange, considering the interests of both parties. Additionally, the memorandum seeks to raise awareness about climate and environmental challenges, involve various stakeholders, and enhance private sector engagement in green initiatives.
Through this framework, both parties can address common interests, share knowledge, and implement mutually beneficial cooperation initiatives aligned with the goals of the Paris Agreement. Morocco’s energy strategy, emphasizing renewable energy sources, aligns with this initiative, with the aim of increasing renewable energy’s contribution to electricity production by 2030. Morocco is currently implementing a 50 million euro “support program for energy transition” and stands as the EU’s top economic partner in Africa.
Importance of the Green Partnership on Energy” between Morocco and the European Union
The “Green Partnership on Energy” between Morocco and the EU is a significant collaboration aimed at promoting sustainable energy development and addressing climate change challenges. It was established as part of the broader cooperation between Morocco and the European Union in the field of energy and climate. It builds upon existing agreements and initiatives aimed at promoting renewable energy, energy efficiency, and climate resilience.
The primary objectives of the Green Partnership on Energy include:
• Promoting renewable energy deployment: Encouraging the use of renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric power to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and enhance energy security.
• Enhancing energy efficiency: Implementing measures to improve energy efficiency in various sectors, including buildings, industry, and transportation, to reduce energy consumption and environmental impact.
• Fostering climate resilience: Supporting initiatives to enhance climate resilience and adaptation, particularly in vulnerable areas affected by climate change impacts such as water scarcity and extreme weather events.
The partnership involves various initiatives and projects aimed at achieving its objectives, including:
Renewable energy projects: Collaboration on the development of renewable energy projects, such as solar and wind farms, to increase clean energy generation capacity and reduce reliance on fossil fuels.
• Energy efficiency programs: Implementation of energy efficiency measures and policies to promote energy conservation and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
• Capacity building and technical assistance: Providing support for capacity building, knowledge sharing, and technical assistance to strengthen the institutional and regulatory frameworks for sustainable energy development.
• Financial support: Mobilizing financial resources and investment to support the implementation of renewable energy and energy efficiency projects in Morocco.
In recent years, the Green Partnership on Energy has seen several developments, including:
• Expansion of renewable energy capacity: Morocco has made significant progress in expanding its renewable energy capacity, particularly in solar and wind energy. Projects such as the Noor Solar Complex and the Midelt Wind Farm have contributed to this growth.
• Policy reforms: Morocco has implemented policy reforms and regulatory measures to support the integration of renewable energy into its energy mix and attract investment in the sector.
• EU funding and support: The European Union has provided financial support and technical assistance to Morocco through various programs and initiatives aimed at promoting sustainable energy development and climate action.
The EU’s financial support and technical assistance to Morocco under the Green Partnership on Energy play a crucial role in advancing sustainable energy development and climate action in the country, contributing to the achievement of shared objectives and targets in the energy and climate sectors.
Overall, the Green Partnership on Energy between Morocco and the EU reflects a commitment to collaboration and partnership in addressing the challenges of climate change and transitioning towards a sustainable and low-carbon energy future.
Just Transition: Economic Incentives for Successful Climate Policy and Implementation of the Nationally Determined Contribution.
Morocco’s strides in renewable energy highlight the tangible reality of sustainable development. Amidst a global focus on sustainability and resilience, integrating these principles into growth strategies, especially in vital sectors like energy production, is crucial for collective prosperity.
Global greenhouse gas emissions, climate change poses a significant threat to the Morocco’s growth potential. The Moroccan Government recognized this challenge and set ambitious energy transformation goals, aiming for a 52% renewable energy mix by 2030, including green hydrogen.
Continued capacity building, clean energy innovation, and impactful research and development are essential. Solutions must prioritize socio- economic impact, emphasizing human-centered initiatives. Developing infrastructures supportive of this transition requires concrete application of research, development, and innovation. Committed to a greener economic model, Morocco embarked on a significant endeavor towards a greener future with the launch of a project supporting the country’s “Just Transition” to a low-carbon economy”. This project, funded by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) and the European Union (EU) with over €10 million, aims to assist Morocco in updating and implementing its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) under the Paris Agreement.
This project aligns with Morocco’s efforts to achieve a socially and economically equitable transition to address climate challenges and its implementation will contribute to solidifying the EU-Morocco partnership on climate issues. Furthermore, the project ensures that climate policies are fair, inclusive, and offer opportunities for everyone. It will addresses updating and implementing Morocco’s NDC in a socially responsible manner. Additionally, it aims to equip the private sector with the necessary tools to navigate the EU’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM).
Finally, the project represents the culmination of an inclusive approach, involving various Moroccan ministries and development partners such as the World Bank, the African Development Bank, the French Development Agency, and the EU who considers Morocco’s efforts in combating climate change as exemplary in Africa. Moving forward, it’s imperative for the EU and the international community to continue supporting Morocco’s sustainability transition, leading the country towards prosperity built on clean energy and resilience.
Conclusion
In conclusion, Morocco’s energy sector represents a dynamic blend of public and private entities working towards meeting the nation’s electricity demands. With a diverse array of actors engaged in production, transmission, and distribution, Morocco has steadily enhanced its infrastructure to ensure efficient and reliable electricity supply across regions.
Embracing a forward-looking energy strategy since 2009, Morocco has made significant strides in diversifying its energy mix, with a particular focus on renewable sources and sustainability. The success of its initiatives positions Morocco as a leader in the Middle East and North Africa region, setting an example for tailored, incremental reforms that address legacy challenges while prioritizing socio-economic objectives.
Moreover, Morocco’s participation in regional energy initiatives, such as the Morocco-Nigeria Gas Pipeline and the Morocco-UK Power Project, underscores its commitment to fostering economic collaboration and leveraging its geographical advantages. These endeavors, alongside recent commitments to green hydrogen projects, highlight Morocco’s proactive role in global energy transition efforts.
Supported by strong partnerships with international financial institutions and bilateral cooperation, Morocco continues to chart a path towards a sustainable energy future. As it moves forward, Morocco stands as a beacon of progress and innovation, contributing to the global energy landscape while enhancing regional economic integration and cooperation.
About the author
Mohamed H’Midouche, a Moroccan national and Economist, is a 45 years veteran of development banking, project finance, trade finance, project management, diplomatic representation, and leadership in various aspects of African development. Most of his career has been in senior management positions at the African Development Bank Group both in its Headquarters in Abidjan and its Representation/Field Offices in London, Cairo, Dakar and at its Temporary Relocation Office in Tunis. Mr. H’Midouche has 10 years of experience as Non-Executive Director & Board Member of several financial and non-financial pan-African institutions such as (i) Afreximbank, (ii) Alexandria Dakheela Iron & Steel Company (Egypt), iii) Member of the Board of Directors of the African Governance Institute (AGI) based in Dakar, Senegal and iv) Advisor and Board Member of the Global Advisory Board – IGS Group, a non-profit private institution that oversees the American Business School of Paris, an International School of Business and Management. Mr. H’Midouche has also rich experience in the sphere of diplomacy and international relations, holding positions such as Honorary Consul of Cabo Verde in Morocco; Founding Member of the ‘’Union of Honorary Consuls of Morocco’’ (UCHM); Vice President of the Moroccan Institute of International Relations (IMRI) etc.
Source : Bulgaria Journal on Energy and Climate Diplomacy, July 2024.
The present article is an excerpt from the edition of Energy and Climate Diplomacy 2024
